Python Programming

1.7 Hardware

Hardware refers to all the physical, tangible parts of a computer system. Unlike software (which is a set of instructions), hardware is what you can touch—wires, chips, screens, keyboards, and more.

A computer system is made up of multiple components that work together to process data, store it, and communicate results to the user. These components are often categorized by their role in the computing process.

1.7.1. Major Components of a Computer System

  • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    • The Brain of the Computer
  • Main Memory (RAM)
    • Short-term Memory
  • Secondary Storage Devices
    • Long-term Storage
  • Input Devices
    • Getting Data Into the Computer
  • Output Devices
    • Getting Results Out of the Computer

1.7.2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The Brain of the Computer

  • Role: Executes instructions and controls the overall operation of the computer.
  • Parts of CPU:
    • Control Unit (CU): Directs the flow of data and instructions.
    • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic operations (comparisons, conditions).
  • Function: Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them.

1.7.3. Main Memory (RAM) - Short-term Memory

  • RAM = Random Access Memory
  • Role: Temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU is currently using.
  • Volatile: Contents are lost when the computer is turned off.
  • Fast but limited: Used for running programs, not for long-term storage.

1.7.4. Secondary Storage Devices - Long-term Storage

  • Used to permanently store data and programs.
  • Slower than RAM but retains data even when the power is off.
  • Examples:
    • Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
    • Solid State Drives (SSD)
    • USB flash drives
    • CDs/DVDs

1.7.5. Input Devices - Getting Data into the Computer

  • Allow the user to enter data and commands.
  • Examples:
    • Keyboard
    • Mouse
    • Scanner
    • Microphone
    • Touchscreen

1.7.6. Output Devices - Getting Results Out of the Computer

  • Display or output the results of the computer’s processing.
  • Examples:
    • Monitor (displays text and images)
    • Printer (outputs hard copies)
    • Speakers (output sound)

 

Last updated: July 03, 2025