Operators are fundamental in programming as they enable you to perform various operations on variables and values. Python supports several types of operators, including arithmetic, comparison, logical, bitwise, assignment, identity, and membership operators.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

x = 10 y = 5 # Addition print(x + y) # Output: 15 # Subtraction print(x - y) # Output: 5 # Multiplication print(x * y) # Output: 50 # Division print(x / y) # Output: 2.0 # Modulus (remainder) print(x % y) # Output: 0 # Exponentiation print(x ** y) # Output: 100000 # Floor division print(x // y) # Output: 2

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators compare two values and return a Boolean result (True or False).

x = 10 y = 5 # Equal to print(x == y) # Output: False # Not equal to print(x != y) # Output: True # Greater than print(x > y) # Output: True # Less than print(x < y) # Output: False # Greater than or equal to print(x >= y) # Output: True # Less than or equal to print(x <= y) # Output: False

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

x = True y = False # AND print(x and y) # Output: False # OR print(x or y) # Output: True # NOT print(not x) # Output: False

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on integers.

x = 10 # Binary: 1010 y = 4 # Binary: 0100 # AND print(x & y) # Output: 0 (Binary: 0000) # OR print(x | y) # Output: 14 (Binary: 1110) # XOR print(x ^ y) # Output: 14 (Binary: 1110) # NOT print(~x) # Output: -11 (Binary: -1011) # Left shift print(x << 2) # Output: 40 (Binary: 101000) # Right shift print(x >> 2) # Output: 2 (Binary: 0010)

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

x = 10 # Assign x = 5 print(x) # Output: 5 # Add and assign x += 3 print(x) # Output: 8 # Subtract and assign x -= 2 print(x) # Output: 6 # Multiply and assign x *= 2 print(x) # Output: 12 # Divide and assign x /= 3 print(x) # Output: 4.0 # Modulus and assign x %= 3 print(x) # Output: 1.0 # Exponentiation and assign x **= 2 print(x) # Output: 1.0 # Floor division and assign x //= 1 print(x) # Output: 1.0

Practical Examples

You can combine different types of operators to create complex expressions.

x = 10 y = 5 z = 2 # Combine arithmetic and comparison operators result = (x + y) > (z * y) print(result) # Output: True # Combine logical operators is_valid = (x > y) and (y > z) print(is_valid) # Output: True

Operators are often used in conditional statements to control the flow of the program.

age = 20 if age >= 18: print("You are an adult.") else: print("You are a minor.") #Output: You are an adult.